日出

第18届法罗岛电影节第5个放映日为大家带来《日出》，下面请看前线在屏幕中不发出声音却早就表达出满腔感情的男女之评价了！

果树：

各方面趋近完美，超出一切对于电影二字的期许。

风临：

"最好的默片“，把这五个字一个不动地给予这部电影。

Morning：

叠画的文学性，被这部电影尽收，好厉害，我甚至觉得它是某位名作的短篇杰作，短短94分钟，网罗婚姻的五味杂陈。夫妻俩去合照那一段我尤其喜欢，轻快也轻狂，两人甜蜜的一吻，等照片时又偷吃水果打翻了雕像，那雕像原本没有头部，残缺的才是美好的，太有意义的意象，他们将球代替头部插了上去，恶作剧的欣喜的跑掉，收获了二人真正的幸福，这是文学世界里才写得出来的丰富的层次，但被这部电影畅快淋漓的拍摄了出来，杰作。

子夜无人：

大概是目前看过的默片里气质最为灵动的，呆板感几近于无，从田野水乡到十里洋场，从晦暗人心中勾连的欲望一直到满眼被风吹散的繁华，一切可视的、可以被捕捉感受到的质感像是浮在纸面上，清晰又易于破碎。到最后他仍然要践行至少一次将人扼杀的贪念，恶的成分一旦被人唤醒之后就是这样，无论是作为惊涛骇浪中翻然悔悟的浪子，还是结尾沐浴在爱的圣光里，底色已然黯淡，劫后余生的转危为安里，也有覆水难收的悲戚。

北阳向暖：

确实可能是最美的默片，甚至有些感觉不到是默片。故事具有很强的普遍性，这是电影的价值之一。

我略知她一二：

也许从未爱过一个人，比想象更深，比海洋更深。或许对你来说我更像是埋藏在海底，深不可测。如若这就是事情发展的必然，那我选择敞开强烈的直觉，因为一切还不算太坏，让我可以爱上你，这个看似不可能的人，我曾在原地打转，几乎在原地腐烂。 "你是我温暖的手套，冰冷的啤酒，带着阳光味道的衬衫，日复一日的梦想。你是甜蜜的，忧伤的，嘴唇上涂抹着新鲜的欲望，你的新鲜和你的欲望把你变得像动物一样的不可捉摸，像阳光一样无法逃避，像戏子一般的毫无廉耻，像饥饿一样冷酷无情。——《恋爱的犀牛》"

苍山古井空对月：

丈夫欲向妻子行凶失败后我就在想下面的故事该怎么讲，没想到这个开头有点黑色的故事居然转变为喜剧。虽然故事有点俗，但是茂瑙的各种电影手法不俗，跟《最卑贱的人》一样，用了许多对比：妻子抱着孩子哭泣和丈夫抱着情人幽会，城市的灯红酒绿和乡村的纯朴优美，城市人和村里人对猪的反应的差别，进城和出城夫妻二人的关系变化。除了视觉的手法，还在声音上进行了探索，模拟自然音、有源音，并且赋予了钟声象征意义。

#FIFF18#第5日场刊评分将于稍后释出，请大家拭目以待了。

（原刊于公众号：21世纪赛车手。本文在原刊文基础上略有修改）

不知是什么原因，让在德国乌法电影公司（Ufa，Universum Film AG，又译为“全球电影股份公司”）发展得顺风顺水的弗莱德里希·瓦·茂瑙（F. W. Murnau）接受美国福克斯电影公司总裁威廉·福克斯（William Fox）的邀请，参与到于1927年上映的《日出》的制作当中。当时的德国电影和美国好莱坞电影，有着迥然不同的风格。茂瑙在自己的家乡，早已因“吸血鬼德古拉”电影《诺斯费拉图》（1922）、《最卑贱的人》（1924）、《浮士德》（1926）等作品明确了自己伤感而又技巧感充沛的个人风格。而彼时的美国本土电影，尤其是好莱坞商业电影，大多都是欢乐而保守的。可能是美国艺术自由的风气感染了他，也可能是美国电影工业的成熟和资金充足引诱了他，也可能是像格里菲斯一般被加州烈日迷倒（可以到户外取景拍摄），也有可能他只是听从了好莱坞经验丰富的旅德英国摄影师Charles Rosher的游说。不论如何，茂瑙选择离开德国委身于好莱坞片场制度，拍摄出了这部德美两国风格融合感强烈的《日出》。

《日出》在影史上的伟大毋庸置疑。无数次入选影史“必看”、“推荐”电影并名列前茅，也是第一届好莱坞奥斯卡金像奖“最佳女演员”“最佳摄影”以及“最佳艺术质量”奖的获奖电影。电影因它独特的美术设计和摄影成就而闻名——大量的奇特透视感的场景、梦境般的叠影画面以及著名的轨道摄影录制的“出轨”夜戏。《日出》这部无声电影可以有无数个理由被欣赏，穿越影史永不失其价值。

丈夫与“第三者”幻想城市美好生活的叠影画面（电影截图）

但即便在美学和技巧上颇有建树，电影却有一个容易被人忽视的潜文本，也是电影或者旅美导演茂瑙在影片中无意透露出的矛盾或冲突。主角三人的三角恋故事，流转在“城市”与“乡村”之间。乡村是丈夫的“出轨”直至对妻子“谋杀”的场所。而当谋杀未遂，夫妻一同辗转来到城市，城市的五光十色便迅速让二人和好如初、信守当初婚姻许下的诺言。电影为描刻“城市的夜景”此刻达到前所未有的极致斑斓和理想。然而这一夜过后，电影又急转直下——返回乡村的夫妻二人遭受到生与死的灾难。电影这几下生硬的转折、明显的分裂感，一直持续直到影片最后朦胧的日出。

“夫妻”二人在代表着“乡村”的家中（电影截图）

城市的极致精彩与透视感奇特的艺术设计（电影截图）

这种分裂可以有一种解释。1920年代的美国，城市化进程飞速前进，而美国人渐渐认为生活在城市要比在农村更加快乐刺激。更多本来生活在农村的人向城市迁移，城乡人口差距开始逐渐拉近。而放眼当时美国的电影制作以及电影市场，首先，由于电影院毋庸置疑都是位于城市当中，其中播放的电影理所应当要歌颂城市。而“明星制”刚刚萌芽的电影产业，大多都靠“色诱力”强的女星来拉拢观众和票房。于是乎电影少不了要安排一两个“危险的女性角色”，最好是“来自城市的危险而又风光的女性角色”。

“第三者”、来自城市的女性角色（电影截图）

《日出》当中，Margaret Livingston饰演的女性来自城市、穿着时髦、打扮艳丽，但同时她也是破坏婚姻“危险”的化身，不断挑逗着观影者的神经和欲望。据说在茂瑙和编剧Carl Mayer的第一稿故事里并没有“城市女子”这样的身份，这样的身份是老板福克斯建议并修改的。同样的观感出现在占据影片一半时长的“城市风貌”当中，这里面几乎看不到丝毫悲伤的情绪，或者说几乎看不到茂瑙的个人风格。这也极有可能是福克斯有意干涉为之，可能害怕过分消极的“德国风格”会影响到影片发售情况。于是乎，《日出》当中所有最阴暗的人物冲突都在乡村里，所有场景诡谲、情绪哀伤的茂瑙个人风格也都在那个破败而多灾多难的城市之外。仿佛只有加州的烈日落山后，昼伏夜出的“诺斯费拉图”才会开始行动。

即便电影分裂如此，《日出》给当时美国影坛的印象仍然是独特的、“艺术造诣高”的。不论从什么角度，我们都很难去质疑《日出》的杰出，尤其是置于无声电影坐标当中，让所有看过它的人都不停感叹电影无声也能如此美妙，相较之下有声电影却苍白许多。著名女性影评人Molly Haskell曾经说过（一个大概的意思）：茂瑙的城市与乡村的对立，正如有声电影与无声电影的对立，可更多的，后者是前者经常去追寻的一种理想的避难所。

（部分史实资料来自于David Thomson所著《The Big Screen》和维基百科）

电影《日出》用日出日落时的昏暗光亮比喻世上婚姻的模态，而两位主角的关系正如红日的轨迹，经历至暗时刻后在终局迎来光明，也让观者沉醉迷失在最后光耀四射的幸福之中。不过当我们把三人的关系落实到生活中，放下对艺术作品美满结局的追求，仅用世俗的目光审慎观之，它又如何不像日蚀时分。我们知道，当月球、太阳和地球三者处在一条直线，月球会挡住太阳射向地球的光，月球身后的黑影落到地球，这时发生日蚀。从影片引申出来，三者分别代指农妇人、城市女人和农夫。

作为月球，农妇人自从被地球吸引就只能围着地球旋转，一旦地球不再接受太阳的光芒，自身也会随之暗淡。在当时的婚姻中，妻子无疑是以丈夫为中心生活的，而她们是无力抗争的，就像妇人在知晓丈夫出门寻欢作乐时只能回房搂着孩子徒自流泪。有意思的是这里农妇人的扮相颇像西班牙的Macarena圣母，哭泣时眼中没有怨恨，没有愤怒，在切近的镜头里满是她的失神，甚至哀怜，让观者不禁羞愧自省自身是否有犯下相同罪恶。这神情也恰合她的不作为，不会去质问争取，因为她更害怕的是丈夫抛家弃子。试想若地球结束对月球的引力，那月球便会在离心运动中经历撞击后陨灭，换言之，纠缠对方的出轨反而让她自身脱轨，妇人的生活只会彻底失控。类比到这，我们便不必用现代的平权意识去苛责女主人公的逆来顺受，在时代背景的强力前提下，忍受称得上是不二选择。

作为太阳，城市女人是自放光芒的。一开场导演便让她撩起裙摆随意敞开腿，等待仆人为她整理鞋履。

黑大衣能盖住她的性感睡衣却遮不住她光洁裸露的双腿，这既暗示其放浪的性格又满足观者的偷窥欲。手夹着烟，她在烟雾缭绕中精心准备与情人的会面，很难不让人把这一情景与开篇车站里的蒸汽联想在一起：我们看不清女人的身姿，也看不清火车的模样，却被其吸引。确实，她来自城市，在仅有的两场戏中，导演都用吸烟时的气雾氤氲和都市报纸强调她城市女人这一身份，她是现代化的受益者，时尚、美丽且诱人。影片中的她也像个女妖时时刻刻魅惑着人们去往城市，而人们往往难以自持。

于是乎，二元对立便在这两位女性身上建构起来，片中农妇人所代表乡村和丽人所代表城市之间的冲突是我们无法忽视的。农妇人的质朴纯真，城市女人的娇媚妖艳，分别将乡村与城市的特点具像化，促成身后所代表的两大生活形式的戏剧性碰撞。

乡村生活如月光般皎洁，宁静而美好。在仆人对两位主人公过去生活追忆感叹的画面中，女人相夫教子，男人耕作劳动，闲暇时一家人围坐在乡间草丛中其乐融融，是那么无忧无虑，两人也是那么亲密无间。这便是田园生活的极大好处，人们能享受自然的乐趣，家庭生活也是幸福祥和。而与之相对立的城市生活的现代化，像日光一样夺目，随之而来的火车鸣笛声却尖锐刺穿原有的平静。男主角的移情别恋，女主角的垂泪悲苦，家庭的分崩离析，始作俑者便是那城市来的不速之客。我们不难看出导演对两种生活模式取向的明显倾向，撇开影片来谈，这也许和二次工业革命时导演生活的德国环境严重污染有关，那时人们对现代化的态度普遍由积极转为忧虑，这种环境焦虑也让人们对原始的乡村生活有了更加的向往。城市女人为了自己和男主人公私会提议杀害乡村妇人，会利用性来安抚对方达到目的，你可以评价她不择手段工于心计，无独有偶，现代化也为了达到目的不惜牺牲环境，而乡村便如农妇一样承受着、任其宰割，在蒸汽浓烟中被迫失去本色。但城市化的愿望图景再勾人也会暴露其冰冷无人性的本质，大衣就算能遮蔽城市女人的酮体也不能束缚住她伸出赤裸的双腿，道德的外衣被她摒弃，操行被她践踏在脚下，她在纵欲者和刽子手之间自由转换，可以柔情似水也能草菅人命，而这些，也是城市的代笔。

作为地球，男人既以自我为中心自转也绕着太阳公转。与妇人相比，他是何等的自私，也正是因为婚姻生活以他为主要，他能肆无忌惮地约会情人。在偷情时他会有怯意吗，不会，他是家庭支柱，就算他锈蚀得厉害也不会被更换，他的首要追求便是自身享乐。与此同时，城市女人对他的吸引是天生的，对他的诱惑是必然的，毕竟玉女能让人心生怜惜，而荡妇却让人心驰神往。只消主动献上几个香吻，她便能让男人沉溺在情欲之海中，同意谋杀自己良善的妻子。且除却性的引诱，其背后城市里纸醉金迷的生活也紧紧抓住了男人的心。当两人躺在草丛中透过雾气幻想都市生活，那里灯红酒绿热闹非凡，委实比与妻子苦守农场的单调生活迷人得多，所以上面提到的二元对立也呈现在男主的身上，在这一次较量中，城市化压倒性胜出，于是他应允了情人的提议，接过了求独活的芦草。

我们庆幸男人在最后时刻做了对的选择，但却思考不清什么是迫使他悬崖勒马的动力，是杀人的恐惧，是道德的限制，还是对妻子的爱，我们不得而知。也许黑狗的吠声拉回了他的理智，妻子畏惧的神情让他停手，而作为观者我只觉得这一转变似乎过于生硬，惧意、善意和爱意都表现不足，均难以支撑起这一强转折，实在是遗憾。

提到内容，电影描述了爱人回心转意后两人和好如初动人故事，在其中乡村最终比城市更胜一筹，男人选择回归田园的安逸生活，可我们却能窥探出其中的暗波涌动。先不论男人临时放弃谋杀计划动机的缺位，仅看他和妻子和好的过程便可见一斑：他们在城市中重拾爱意和激情。在火车上男人悔恨，在照相馆里两人亲吻，在游乐场中共舞，如此种种，都在城市这一背景下完成。不能否认现代化带来的新意为两人提供了心理上的刺激，事实上人们也容易将这种新环境的刺激误认为对爱人欲火重燃，退一步说即使两人真是重归于好，城市的作用也不容置疑。或许连导演自身都没想见到无论他对片中二元对立所持的天平如何倾斜，其中体现出的城市化到来与对人的吸引已成历史定局。或许他也对这一矛盾难有解决的良策，于是安排这两位女人深知对方的威胁却并未见面，而这结尾便是茂瑙知不可为而为之的聊以自慰罢了。

最后，我们回归现实，这样完满的结局能有多少呢，男人对妻子重回的激情能持续多久呢，我的答案是，它仅仅和日蚀时刻一样短暂而不可求。月球能多少次挡住太阳的光辉呢，几十年少有一次，日蚀时刻过后，地球仍沐浴阳光深受太阳吸引，月球仍复归黑暗围绕地球转动。而月球能做的，便是珍藏这一次机遇，好在下一个日蚀来临前自我慰藉度过永夜。

原文取自Patrick Keating的《THE DYNAMIC FRAME Camera Movement in Classical Hollywood》。本书在讨论《日出》这部电影时，是以20s中期德国电影对美国电影的影响为背景，以及美国电影人把摄影机运动视为鬼把戏（trick shots）的态度：是滑稽喜剧的专长而不符合严肃戏剧的高雅。在德国电影《最后一笑》《杂耍班》中，摄影机运动和角度让美国电影人大为震惊，这些创新的贡献不仅仅是技术上的，更深层的是从文化上的干预。移动摄影机不再是一个滑稽的把戏，而是成为艺术雄心的一种表达。静态戏剧和动态喜剧之间的对立也被打破。

以下为原文：

Sunrise

A great deal was riding on Sunrise—not just Fox’s investment but also Hollywood’s ever-evolving identity as an industry both American and international. Would Murnau assimilate to the American style, devising unusual angles to add “kick” to the story? Or would the German director continue to explore the semisubjective realm with a style that had inspired critics to reach for comparisons to Cezanne and Picasso? Murnau had promised to make a film with American virtues: speed, pep, initiative. The finished film belies this promise: Sunrise is slow and serious, with characters notably lacking in drive. The story is about a rural couple, simply called the Man and the Wife (George O’Brien and Janet Gaynor). The evil Woman from the City (Margaret Livingston) convinces the Man to kill his wife in a staged boating accident. He cannot go through with the murder, and, overcome with guilt, he follows his wife to the city, where he slowly regains her trust. Whereas many Hollywood films emphasize external action, the conflict here is almost entirely internal: the Man must rediscover his love for his wife, and the Wife must recognize that his conversion is sincere. This minimal plot leaves ample room for emotional expression.

To tell this tale, Murnau used almost every cinematic device available, from set design and acting to lighting and camera movement. As in The Last Laugh, Murnau explored the ambiguous territory of the semisubjective. In one celebrated seTuence, the Man walks through the marshes to visit with the Woman from the City. Cinematographers Rosher and Struss placed the camera on a platform suspended from tracks specially built into the studio’s ceiling, using motors to aid the shot’s operator, Struss, by lifting the camera platform up and down as it moved forward. 58 For all the shot’s technical bravado, its real interest lies in its shifts from external to internal and back again. The camera starts out by following the Man from behind and then tracks with him in profile after he makes a turn to go through some trees (fig. 1.7a–b). Here, the mode is external but attached—we observe the Man from the outside, but we discover the space as he discovers it. When the Man approaches the lens (fig. 1.7c), the camera pans to the left and dollies forward, pushing through some branches to discover the Woman from the City (fig. 1.7d). 59 For a brief moment, it appears that the film has entered a subjective mode, representing what the Man sees through his own eyes. The Woman turns her head. Perhaps she will look directly at the camera, as if welcoming the Man’s arrivalbut, no, her gaze crosses past the lens, and the bored look on her face indicates that the Man has not yet arrived. First attached and then subjective, the mode becomes nonsubjective and nonattached, showing an event that the Man cannot see yet. A moment later the Woman looks offscreen again, this time recognizing that the Man is approaching. When he enters the screen from off-left, it is a further perceptual surprise: the last time we saw him, he was off-right. The Man and the Woman kiss, and the shot comes to an end. In a lecture in 1928, Struss described this shot in terms that reflect its ambiguity. His statement, “Here we move with the man and his thoughts,” evoked a subjective interpretation of the image, but later he claimed, “We seem to be surreptitiously watching the love scenes,” as if the camera had adopted the perspective of an unseen observer. 60

1.7 In Sunrise, the camera follows the Man as he walks through the marsh; later, the camera appears to look through his eyes.

Other shots extend this semisubjective approach. In The Last Laugh, Murnau had placed his camera on a rotating platform to create the effect of the world spinning around the porter. In Sunrise, Murnau designed an ingenious variation on this strategy, depicting the twists and turns of a trolley ride. The first part of the seTuence was photographed on a trolley path built alongside Lake Arrowhead; the rest was shot on another constructed line that circled into Rochus Gliese’s enormous false-perspective city set on the Fox lot. 61 One shot shows the Wife huddling in the corner of the car. We can barely see her face, but the trolley veers right and then left, showing us tracks, a worker on a bicycle, a factory, and other images indicating that she is reaching the edge of the city (fig. 1.8a–b). The unpredictable swaying of the trolley expresses her emotional state—her terrified confusion about her husband’s newly revealed capacity for violence and betrayal. Meanwhile, Murnau uses the trolley’s movement to comment on the inevitability of modernity: these two peasants have no control over the trolley car, and they must stand by passively while the background changes from the countryside to the city, a change in landscape that will render their peasant lifestyle obsolete.

In her insightful analysis of the film, Caitlin McGrath has situated Murnau’s shots within a longer tradition of camera movement stretching back to the cinema of attractions, as in Bitzer’s subway film in 1904 (fig. 1.1). 62 Another proximate comparison is the trolley scene from girl Shy. There, the Boy treats the world as a series of obstacles to be overcome, commandeering a trolley car to get to his destination as Tuickly as possible. In Sunrise, the movement of the trolley does little to advance the goals of either character, who are merely passengers on a journey they cannot control. In one sense, girl Shy does a better job integrating story and shot: the action on the trolley serves to advance the protagonist’s goal. In another sense, Sunrise is the more fully integrated of the two. girl Shy briefly abandons the Boy to deliver a gag about the drunkard’s confusion. Sunrise lingers on the passage of the trolley because its swaying motions serve to express the Wife’s state of mind. Every swerve is expressive.

1.8 The Wife stands Tuietly on the trolley as the landscape changes behind her.

The latter film further develops its characterization of the modern city in a pair of seTuences showing the couple crossing the dangerous street. In the first seTuence, the camera is on a dolly following the Wife (probably a stunt double) as she walks from the trolley to the curb; halfway through the shot, the Man grabs the Wife and walks with her the rest of the way. Several cars zip by in the foreground and background, just missing the couple—and the camera, which is crossing the street as well (fig. 1.9a–b). In the second seTuence, the Man and the Wife have reconciled, and they gaze into each other’s eyes as they cross the busy street again (fig. 1.10a). They are utterly oblivious to the traffic, which dissolves away to become a pastoral meadow, as if this peasant couple has rediscovered the country in the heart of the city (fig. 1.10b). Whereas the first seTuence unfolds in fast motion as if it were a slapstick stunt, the second seTuence is a composite, using a traveling-matte effect that combines three distinct layers in a single shot: a foreground layer with cars passing by closely; a background layer dissolving from the city to the country; and a middleground layer showing the lovers walking while the camera follows on a dolly. Each layer was shot separately, then printed onto a separate piece of film. 63

1.9 The camera follows first the Wife as she begins to cross the street and then the Man and the Wife as they scramble across it.

This moment of joy does not mean that the film endorses the city and its values of consumerism, pleasure, and distraction. The urban citizens constantly remind the Man and the Wife that they are peasants; it is their acceptance of this identity that allows them to reaffirm their values. When they kiss in the middle of traffic, their love provides an escape from the modern city, even as the traffic bears down upon them. The visual contrast between the bumping dolly of the first seTuence and the traveling matte of the second develops the thematic shift. When the camera follows the Wife and the Man as they scramble across the street, their movements are so erratic that the couple never stays in the center of the frame. There is instead an oscillation from right to left as the couple jogs back and forth to escape the traffic. Later the traveling-matte effect locks the couple in the center of the frame, even though they are walking the whole time. The city around them buzzes with activity; the couple has become a symbol of stability.

1.10 Later, a traveling matte shows the Man and the Wife in traffic; the urban background dissolves into a pastoral scene.

Far from making a film with speed, pep, and initiative, Murnau tells a story criticizing those very values. Instead of delivering the occasional nonnarrative “kick,” the moving camera expresses the characters’ emotions while commenting on the ephemeral delights and the disorienting emptiness of modern life. The director’s longtime booster Maurice Kann raved about the film, seeing it as the fulfillment of The Last Laugh’s promising experiments with the representation of subjectivity: “Murnau has succeeded in boring his camera lens into the very brain of his players and shows you in picture form the thoughts that surge through their heads.” 64 Other critics commented on the film’s internationalism—its hybrid mixture of European aesthetics with a Hollywood budget. Pare Lorentz—then a film critic, later an esteemed documentarian—thought that the German–American mixture was a failure. He praised the “breathtaking photography” and the “perfect” first fifteen minutes, but he argued that the extended seTuence in the city contained too many gags, which had been added to entertain the “chocolate-sundae audience.” 65 European artistry had given way to slapstick trickery. Variety’s critic wrote more favorably that the film was “made in this country, but produced after the best manner of the German school.” 66 Moving Picture World noticed the film’s “continental flavor,” while commenting wryly on the association between national style and cultural status: “Coming from abroad, this production would be hailed by critics as a triumph. Even with the American label they are forced to give it grudging praise.” 67 Whereas Lorentz denounced the film for including too many concessions to the American audience, Variety and World positioned the film as a fascinating hybrid, a European artwork made in Los Angeles.

In the end, Sunrise struggled at the box office, and Murnau’s own career at Fox took a downward turn. 68 He experienced less support and more constraints on his remaining two films for the studio: the lost film Four Devils (1928) and the smaller-scale film City Girl (1930), both designed as nondialogue pictures, and both turned into part-talkies with added seTuences not directed by Murnau. 69 But Murnau’s impact was undeniable. As Janet Bergstrom reports, “[A] sign of William Fox’s appreciation of the artistic Tuality of Murnau’s films was that he encouraged his top directors to work in the same dark, visually expressive style.” 70 She lists several examples of Fox films made in Murnau’s style, including 7th Heaven (1927) and Street Angel (1928) by Frank Borzage, Fazil (1928) by Howard Hawks, The Red Dance (1928) by Raoul Walsh, and Mother Machree (1928) and Four Sons (1928) by John Ford. Other examples from the studio might include East Side, West Side (1927) and Frozen -ustice (1929) by Allan Dwan as well as Paid to Love (1927) by Hawks and Hangman’s House (1928) by Ford.

Outside Fox Studios, there is evidence that the trend toward unusual angles started well before Sunrise was released. In The Eagle (1925), the camera, suspended from a bridge stretched between two dollies, moves backward across a table, appearing to pass through several solid objects along the way. Director Clarence Brown explained, “We had prop boys putting candelabra in place just before the camera picked them up.” 71 An article in Film Daily in 1925 reports that cinematographer J. Roy Hunt used a handheld gyroscopic camera, inspired by The Last Laugh, to photograph The Manicure *irl, a lost film directed by Frank Tuttle. 72 The following year Maurice Kann spotted the influence of Variety in two other Famous Players–Lasky films: Victor Fleming’s MantraS and William Wellman’s You Never Know Women. Kann even gave credit to the cinematographers: Jimmy (James Wong) Howe and Victor Milner, respectively. 73 Less fortunate was Michael Curtiz, the Hungarian-born director beginning his long career at Warner Bros. His American debut, The Third Degree (1926), earned a skeptical review from Gilbert Seldes, who worried that directors were abusing the innovations of Variety. 74 PhotoSlay also denounced Curtiz’s film, noting that it was “filled with German camera-angles that don’t mean a thing.” 75 Another fan magazine complained, “The German films have caused our directors to become excited over the odd effects to be obtained by photographing scenes from unusual angles.” 76 An article in Motion Picture Classic declared that camera angles were “the bunk” and blamed the critics for heaping praise on European films when they employed the same “trick photography” that Americans had been doing for years. 77 The critics gave voice to a widely shared worry. Hollywood studios had the resources to copy the latest techniTues, either by hiring European personnel or by imitating their manner; what they needed to do was prove that they could use those techniTues in a meaningful way.

NOTES

58. Richard Koszarski discusses this shot in “The Cinematographer,” in New York to Hollywood: The PhotograShy of Karl Struss, ed. Barbara McCandless, Bonnie Yochelson, and Richard Koszarski (Fort Worth, TX: Amon Carter Museum, 1995), 177.

59. Struss claimed that the suspended dolly had a “wedge shaped thing” on the front to push the foliage out of the way (interview in Scott Eyman, Five American CinematograShers [Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1987], 9).

60. Karl Struss, “Dramatic Cinematography,” Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 12, no. 34 (October 1928): 318. 61. Susan Harvith and John Harvith, Karl Struss: Man with a Camera (Bloomsfield Hills, MI: Cranbrook Academy of Art, 1976), 15.

62. Caitlin McGrath, “Captivating Motion: Late–Silent Film SeTuences of Perception in the Modern Urban Environment,” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2010, 222.

63. For more information on this shot, see Murnau, Borzage, and Fox, DVD box set.

64. Maurice Kann, “Sunrise and Movietone,” Film Daily, September 25, 1927, 4.

65. Pare Lorentz, “The Stillborn Art” (1928), in Lorentz on Film: Movies, 19271941 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986), 25.

66. “Rush.,” “Sunrise,” Variety, September 28, 1927, 21.

67. “Sunrise,” Moving Picture World 88, no. 5 (October 1, 1927): 312.

68. Donald Crafton reports that Sunrise “sank like a stone” in New York after a strong opening. Its run at the Cathay Circle Theatre in Los Angeles was more successful (The Talkies: American Cinema’s Transition to Sound, 192–1931 [Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997], 525–527).

69. Janet Bergstrom carefully details the making of both films in “Murnau in America: Chronicle of Lost Films,” Film History 14, nos. 3–4 (2002): 430–460.

70. Bergstrom, William Fox Presents F. W. Murnau and Frank Borzage, 10.

71. Clarence Brown, Tuoted in Brownlow, The Parade’s *one By … , 146. A decade later, the director repeated the trick in Anna Karenina (1935).

72. “The Gyroscopic Camera and Future Production Possibilities,” Film Daily, June 7, 1925, 5.

73. Maurice Kann, “Fred Thomson,” Film Daily, July 14, 1926, 1, and Maurice Kann, “More Pictures,” Film Daily, July 15, 1926, 1. Elsewhere, a fan commented on the fact that You Never Know Women copied its angles from Variety (Richard Roland, “What the Foreigners Have Done for Us,” PicturePlay Magazine 26, no. 1 [March 1927]: 12). Largely conventional, MantraS (1926) featured one spectacular montage showing a dynamic trip from the country to the city.

74. Gilbert Seldes, “Camera Angles,” New ReSublic 50, no. 640 (March 9, 1927): 72–73.

75. “The Shadow Stage,” PhotoSlay 31, no. 4 (March 1927): 94.

76. Ken Chamberlain, “Camera Angles,” Motion Picture 23, no. 3 (April 1927):

25. The tone of the article is mocking, accompanied by four cartoons depicting four bizarre techniTues.

77. Harold R. Hall, “Camera Angles—the Bunk,” Motion Picture Classic 24, no. 6 (February 1927): 18, 79.

声音：无人声，声音（音乐+音响）叙事，渲染氛围、表现人物心理、故事递进。借鉴作曲思想展开创作。台词几乎是无必要的,影像自然地随音乐流动。符号并非视觉的,而是通过配乐给出。钟声作为某种"启示"的元素暗示情节转折,圆号则传达呼唤的效果,不难发现茂瑙简直是按某种配器法的思路进行构思; 几处配乐巧妙化用李斯特《前奏曲》、瓦格纳《齐格弗里德牧歌》、施特劳斯《梯尔的恶作剧》等曲目,游乐场一段将对比强烈的多种声源混于同一音轨,类似于莫扎特《唐乔万尼》第二幕结尾的设计,可谓十分大胆的声音处理。

剪辑：出色的叠化、分割画面、拼贴、扣像技术。用叠印效果介绍环境，表现人物心理、梦境与回忆。默片固有的“快进”风格，为了凸显“动作”。字母的形式（用于叙事），例如在男主准备杀女主时候的字母用了“流血”效果。

剧本（故事、角色塑造、结构、对白、情感基调、主题）：有爱不会死，这是好莱坞始终为爱情故事定下的基调。主题不敢恭维，老实说就算要我原谅曾经要我一命的家伙，我也办不到重新爱对方。夫妻双方和解是发生在城市的，在他们卧室这样的家庭空间中，城市女人也回到城市。这样，《日出》捕捉到了一个美国人的矛盾:努力协调农业到城市进程的变化而引起的身份巨变。电影中巨大的变化说明乡村的自然价值是可以通过与城市的接触而更新变化的，一个城市化和工业化进程中的美国所面临的威胁是可以化解的。现代进程不会毁灭掉美国身份的价值，但是会考验并证明美国人的力量，保证美国从农业社会到工业社会发展的经验的连贯。

表演：选角非常合适，眼神不会说谎。默片无台词，演员纯靠肢体动作和夸张的面部表情来表现情绪。

摄影（照明）：固定镜头偏多，有些许推和摇镜头。透视法（景深镜头），长镜头（镜头时常+场面调度）。11分钟时的推进移动长镜头接连呈现3个视角。景别以中、近景为主，辅以特写镜头。照明自然，无特殊风格。

美术（场景设计、选景、服装）：白富美住处倾斜的桌子和游乐场的场景设计。最后溺水情节的场景设置很厉害。

导演（视角、风格）：茂瑙代表作,影史最佳默片之一。好莱坞经典通俗剧与德国表现主义的完美结合。这部影片则标志着默片时代最高艺术水准的文艺爱情片。声音和台词都近乎失去了存在的意义：高潮处无需字幕卡亦可让观众理解人物心理，对白则沦落为背景噪音。但也正是在这一年有声片诞生了，历史无情啊。